Wafer-level light emitting diode package and method of fabricating the same

ABSTRACT

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide a wafer-level light emitting diode (LED) package and a method of fabricating the same. The LED package includes a semiconductor stack including a first conductive type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductive type semiconductor layer; a plurality of contact holes arranged in the second conductive type semiconductor layer and the active layer, the contact holes exposing the first conductive type semiconductor layer; a first bump arranged on a first side of the semiconductor stack, the first bump being electrically connected to the first conductive type semiconductor layer via the plurality of contact holes; a second bump arranged on the first side of the semiconductor stack, the second bump being electrically connected to the second conductive type semiconductor layer; and a protective insulation layer covering a sidewall of the semiconductor stack.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority from and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2010-0092807, filed on Sep. 24, 2010, and Korean Patent Application No. 10-2010-0092808, filed on Sep. 24, 2010, which are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a light emitting diode package and a method of fabricating the same and, more particularly, to a wafer-level light emitting diode package and a method of fabricating the same.

Description of the Background

A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that includes an N-type semiconductor and a P-type semiconductor, and emits light through recombination of holes and electrons. Such an LED has been used in a wide range of applications such as display devices, traffic lights, and backlight units. Further, considering the potential merits of lower power consumption and longer lifespan than existing electric bulbs or fluorescent lamps, the application range of LEDs has been expanded to general lighting by replacing existing incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps.

The LED may be used in an LED module. The LED module is manufactured through a process of fabricating an LED chip at a wafer level, a packaging process, and a modulation process. Specifically, semiconductor layers are grown on a substrate such as a sapphire substrate, and subjected to a wafer-level patterning process to fabricate LED chips having electrode pads, followed by division into individual chips (chip fabrication process). Then, after mounting the individual chips on a lead frame or a printed circuit board, the electrode pads are electrically connected to lead terminals via bonding wires, and the LED chips are covered by a molding member, thereby providing an LED package (packaging process). Then, the LED package is mounted on a circuit board such as a metal core printed circuit board (MC-PCB), thereby providing an LED module such as a light source module (modulation process).

In the packaging process, a housing and/or the molding member may be provided to the LED chip to protect the LED chip from the external environment. In addition, a phosphor may be contained in the molding member to convert light emitted by the LED chip so that the LED package may emit a white light, thereby providing a white LED package. Such a white LED package may be mounted on the circuit board such as the MC-PCB and a secondary lens may be provided to the LED package to adjust orientation characteristics of light emitted from the LED package, thereby providing a desired white LED module.

However, it may be difficult to achieve miniaturization and satisfactory heat dissipation of the conventional LED package including the lead frame or printed circuit board. Furthermore, luminous efficiency of the LED may be deteriorated due to absorption of light by the lead frame or the printed circuit board, electric resistance heating by the lead terminals, and the like.

In addition, the chip fabrication process, the packaging process, and the modulation process may be separately carried out, thereby increasing time and costs for manufacturing the LED module.

Meanwhile, alternating current (AC) LEDs have been produced and marketed. The AC LED includes an LED directly connected to an AC power source to permit continuous emission of light. One example of AC LEDs, which can be used by being directly connected to a high voltage AC power source, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,417,259, issued to Sakai, et. al.

According to U.S. Pat. No. 7,417,259, LED elements are arranged in a two-dimensional pattern on an insulating substrate, for example, a sapphire substrate, and are connected in series to form LED arrays. The LED arrays are connected in series to each other, thereby providing a light emitting device that can be operated at high voltage. Further, such LED arrays may be connected in reverse parallel to each other on the sapphire substrate, thereby providing a single-chip light emitting device that can be operated to continuously emit light using an AC power supply.

Since the AC-LED includes light emitting cells on a growth substrate, for example, on a sapphire substrate, the AC-LED restricts the structure of the light emitting cells and may limit improvement of light extraction efficiency. Thus, investigation has been made into a light emitting diode, for example, an AC-LED that is based on a substrate separation process and includes light emitting cells connected in series to each other.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Exemplary embodiments of the invention provide a wafer-level LED package and a method of fabricating the same, which can be directly formed in a module on a circuit board without using a conventional lead frame or printed circuit board.

Exemplary embodiments of the invention also provide a wafer-level LED package and a method of fabricating the same, which has high efficiency and exhibits improved heat dissipation.

Exemplary embodiments of the invention also provide a method of fabricating an LED package, which may reduce manufacturing time and cost of an LED module.

Exemplary embodiments of the invention also provide an LED module and a method of fabricating the same, which has high efficiency and exhibits improved heat dissipation.

Exemplary embodiments of the invention also provide a wafer-level light emitting diode package and a method of fabricating the same, which includes a plurality of light emitting cells and may be directly formed in a module on a circuit board without using a conventional lead frame or printed circuit board.

Additional features of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention.

An exemplary embodiment of the present invention discloses an LED package including: a semiconductor stack including a first conductive type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductive type semiconductor layer; a plurality of contact holes arranged in the second conductive type semiconductor layer and the active layer, the contact holes exposing the first conductive type semiconductor layer; a first bump arranged on a first side of the semiconductor stack, the first bump being electrically connected to the first conductive type semiconductor layer via the plurality of contact holes; a second bump arranged on the first side of the semiconductor stack, the second bump being electrically connected to the second conductive type semiconductor layer; and a protective insulation layer covering a sidewall of the semiconductor stack.

An exemplary embodiment of the present invention also discloses a light emitting diode module including the LED package according to the aforementioned exemplary embodiments. The LED module may include a circuit board; the LED package mounted on the circuit board; and a lens to adjust an orientation angle of light emitted from the LED package.

An exemplary embodiment of the present invention also discloses a method of fabricating an LED package. The method includes forming a semiconductor stack including a first conductive type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductive type semiconductor layer on a first substrate; patterning the semiconductor stack to form a chip separation region; patterning the second conductive type semiconductor layer and the active layer to form a plurality of contact holes exposing the first conductive type semiconductor layer; forming a protective insulation layer covering a sidewall of the semiconductor stack in the chip separation region; and forming a first bump and a second bump on the semiconductor stack. The first bump is electrically connected to the first conductive type semiconductor layer via the plurality of contact holes, and the second bump is electrically connected to the second conductive type semiconductor layer.

An exemplary embodiment of the present invention also discloses a light emitting diode package. The LED package includes a plurality of light emitting cells each including a first conductive type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductive type semiconductor layer; a plurality of contact holes arranged in the second conductive type semiconductor layer and the active layer of each of the light emitting cells, the contact holes exposing the first conductive type semiconductor layer thereof; a protective insulation layer covering a sidewall of each of the light emitting cells; a connector located arranged on a first side of the light emitting cells and electrically connecting two adjacent light emitting cells to each other; a first bump arranged on the first side of the light emitting cells and electrically connected to the first conductive type semiconductor layer via the plurality of contact holes of a first light emitting cell of the light emitting cells; and a second bump arranged in the first side of the light emitting cells and electrically connected to the second conductive type semiconductor layer of a second light emitting cell of the light emitting cells.

An exemplary embodiment of the present invention also discloses a light emitting diode module including the LED package described above. The module includes a circuit board; the LED package arranged on the circuit board; and a lens to adjust an orientation angle of light emitted from the LED package.

An exemplary embodiment of the present invention also discloses a method of fabricating an LED package including a plurality of light emitting cells. The method includes forming a semiconductor stack including a first conductive type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductive type semiconductor layer on a first substrate; patterning the semiconductor stack to form a chip separation region and a light emitting cell separation region; patterning the second conductive type semiconductor layer and the active layer to form a plurality of light emitting cells, each light emitting cell having a plurality of contact holes exposing the first conductive type semiconductor layer; forming a protective insulation layer covering a sidewall of the semiconductor stack in the chip separation region and the light emitting cell separation region; forming a connector connecting adjacent light emitting cells in series to each other; and forming a first bump and a second bump on the plurality of light emitting cells. Here, the first bump is electrically connected to the first conductive type semiconductor layer via the plurality of contact holes of a first light emitting cell of the light emitting cells, and the second bump is electrically connected to the second conductive type semiconductor layer of a second light emitting cell of the light emitting cells.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.

FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of a light emitting diode package according to a first exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view of a light emitting diode package according to a second exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a light emitting diode module including the light emitting diode package according to the first exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 4 to FIG. 12 show a method of fabricating the light emitting diode package according to the first exemplary embodiment, in which (a) is a plan view and (b) is a sectional view taken along line A-A of (a) in FIG. 5 to FIG. 10.

FIG. 13 is a sectional view showing a method of fabricating the light emitting diode package according to the second exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 14 is a schematic sectional view of a light emitting diode package according to a third exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 15 is a schematic sectional view of a light emitting diode package according to a fourth exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 16 is a sectional view of a light emitting diode module including the light emitting diode package according to the third exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 17 to FIG. 26 show a method of fabricating the light emitting diode package according to the third exemplary embodiment, in which (a) is a plan view and (b) is a sectional view taken along line A-A of (a) in FIG. 18 to FIG. 23.

FIG. 27 is a sectional view showing a method of fabricating the light emitting diode package according to the fourth exemplary embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS

The invention is described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these exemplary embodiments are provided so that this disclosure is thorough and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. In the drawings, the sizes and relative sizes of layers and regions may be exaggerated for clarity. Like reference numerals in the drawings denote like elements.

It will be understood that when an element such as a layer, film, region or substrate is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present.

FIG. 1 is a schematic sectional view of an LED package 100 according to a first exemplary embodiment of the invention.

Referring to FIG. 1, the LED package 100 may include a semiconductor stack 30, a first contact layer 35, a second contact layer 31, a first insulation layer 33, a second insulation layer 37, a first electrode pad 39 a, a second electrode pad 39 b, a first bump 45 a, and a second bump 45 b. The LED package 100 may further include an insulation layer 43, a dummy bump 45 c, and a wavelength convertor 51.

The semiconductor stack 30 includes a first conductive type upper semiconductor layer 25, an active layer 27, and a second conductive type lower semiconductor layer 29. The active layer 27 is interposed between the upper and lower semiconductor layers 25, 29.

The active layer 27 and the upper and lower semiconductor layers 25, 29 may be composed of a III-N based compound semiconductor, for example, (Al, Ga, In)N semiconductor. Each of the upper and lower semiconductor layers 25, 29 may be a single layer or multiple layers. For example, the upper and/or lower semiconductor layers 25, 29 may include a super lattice layer in addition to a contact layer and a clad layer. The active layer 27 may have a single quantum well structure or a multi-quantum well structure. The first conductive type may be an n-type and the second conductive type may be a p-type. Alternatively, the first conductive type may be a p-type and the second conductive type may be an n-type. Since the upper semiconductor layer 25 can be formed of an n-type semiconductor layer having relatively low specific resistance, the upper semiconductor layer 25 may have a relatively high thickness. Therefore, a roughened surface R may be formed on an upper surface of the upper semiconductor layer 25, in which the roughened surface R enhances extraction efficiency of light generated in the active layer 27.

The semiconductor stack 30 has a plurality of contact holes 30 a (see FIG. 5(b)) formed through the second conductive type lower semiconductor layer 29 and the active layer 27 to expose the first conductive type upper semiconductor layer, and the first contact layer 35 contacts the first conductive type upper semiconductor layer 25 exposed in the plurality of contact holes.

The second contact layer 31 contacts the second conductive type lower semiconductor layer 29. The second contact layer 31 includes a reflective metal layer to reflect light generated in the active layer 27. Further, the second contact layer 31 may form an ohmic contact with the second conductive type lower semiconductor layer 29.

The first insulation layer 33 covers the second contact layer 31. Further, the first insulation layer 33 covers a sidewall of the semiconductor stack 30 exposed in the plurality of contact holes 30 a. In addition, the first insulation layer 33 may cover a side surface of the semiconductor stack 30. The first insulation layer 33 insulates the first contact layer 35 from the second contact layer 31 while insulating the second conductive type lower semiconductor layer 29 and the active layer 27 exposed in the plurality of contact holes 30 a from the first contact layer 35. The first insulation layer 33 may be composed of a single layer or multiple layers, such as a silicon oxide or silicon nitride film. Alternatively, the first insulation layer 33 may be composed of a distributed Bragg reflector, which is formed by alternately stacking insulation layers having different indices of refraction, for example, SiO₂/TiO₂ or SiO₂/Nb₂O₅.

The first contact layer 35 is located under the first insulation layer 33 and contacts the first conductive type upper semiconductor layer 25 through the first insulation layer 33 in the plurality of contact holes 30 a. The first contact layer 35 includes contact sections 35 a contacting the first conductive type upper semiconductor layer 25, and a connecting section 35 b connecting the contact sections 35 a to each other. Therefore, the contact sections 35 a are electrically connected to each other by the connecting section 35 b. The first contact layer 35 is formed under some regions of the first insulation layer 33 and may be composed of a reflective metal layer.

The second insulation layer 37 covers the first contact layer 35 under the first contact layer 35. In addition, the second insulation layer 37 covers the first insulation layer 33 while covering a side surface of the semiconductor stack 30. The second insulation layer 37 may be composed of a single layer or multiple layers. Further, the second insulation layer 37 may be a distributed Bragg reflector.

The first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b are located under the second insulation layer 37. The first electrode pad 39 a may be connected to the first contact layer 35 through the second insulation layer 37. Further, the second electrode pad 39 b may be connected to the second contact layer 31 through the second insulation layer 37 and the first insulation layer 33.

The first bump 45 a and the second bump 45 b are located under the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b to be connected thereto, respectively. The first and second bumps 45 a, 45 b may be formed by plating. The first and second bumps 45 a, 45 b are terminals electrically connected to a circuit board such as an MC-PCB and have coplanar distal ends. In addition, the first electrode pad 39 a may be formed at the same level as that of the second electrode pad 39 b, so that the first bump 45 a and the second bump 45 b may also be formed on the same plane. Therefore, the first and second bumps 45 a, 45 b may have the same height.

Meanwhile, the dummy bump 45 c may be located between the first bump 45 a and the second bump 45 b. The dummy bump 45 c may be formed together with the first and second bumps 45 a and 45 b to provide a heat passage for discharging heat from the semiconductor stack 30.

The insulation layer 43 may cover side surfaces of the first and second bumps 45 a, 45 b. The insulation layer 43 may also cover a side surface of the dummy bump 45 c. In addition, the insulation layer 43 fills spaces between the first bump 45 a, the second bump 45 b and the dummy bump 45 c to prevent moisture from entering the semiconductor stack 30 from outside. The insulation layer 43 also covers side surfaces of the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b to protect the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b from external environmental factors such as moisture. Although the insulation layer 43 may be configured to cover the overall side surfaces of the first and second bumps 45 a, 45 b, the invention is not limited thereto. Alternatively, the insulation layer 43 may cover the side surfaces of the first and second bumps 45 a, 45 b except for some regions of the side surface near distal ends of the first and second bumps.

In the present exemplary embodiment, the insulation layer 43 is illustrated as covering the side surfaces of the first and second electrode pads 39 a and 39 b, but the invention is not limited thereto. Alternatively, another insulation layer may be used to cover the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b and the insulation layer 43 may be formed under the other insulation layer. In this case, the first and second bumps 45 a, 45 b may be connected to the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b through the other insulation layer.

The wavelength convertor 51 may be located on the first conductive type upper semiconductor layer 25 opposite to the rest of the semiconductor stack 30. The wavelength convertor 51 may contact an upper surface of the first conductive type upper semiconductor layer 25. The wavelength convertor 51 may be a phosphor sheet having a uniform thickness without being limited thereto. Alternatively, the wavelength converter 51 may be a substrate, for example, a sapphire substrate or a silicon substrate, which is doped with an impurity for wavelength conversion.

In the present exemplary embodiment, the side surface of the semiconductor stack 30 is covered with a protective insulation layer. The protective insulation layer may include, for example, the first insulation layer 33 and/or the second insulation layer 37. In addition, the first contact layer 35 may be covered with the second insulation layer 37 to be protected from an external environment and the second contact layer 31 may be covered with the first insulation layer 33 and the second insulation layer 37 to be protected from an external environment. The first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b are also protected by, for example, the insulation layer 43. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent deterioration of the semiconductor stack 30 due to moisture.

The wavelength convertor 51 may be attached to the first conductive type upper semiconductor layer 25 at a wafer-level, and then divided together with the protective insulation layer during a chip separation process. Therefore, a side surface of the wavelength convertor 51 may be in a line with the protective insulation layer. That is, the side surface of the wavelength converter 51 may be flush along a straight line with a side surface of the protective insulation layer. Further, the side surface of the wavelength convertor 51 may be in a line with a side surface of the insulation layer 43. Thus, the side surfaces of the wavelength converter 51, the protective insulation layer, and the insulation layer 43 may all be flush along a straight line.

FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view of a light emitting diode package 200 according to a second exemplary embodiment of the invention.

Referring to FIG. 2, the LED package 200 is similar to the LED package 100 according to the above exemplary embodiment. In the present exemplary embodiment, however, first and second bumps 65 a, 65 b are formed in a substrate 61.

Specifically, the substrate 61 includes through-holes, which have the first and second bumps 65 a, 65 b formed therein, respectively. The substrate 61 is an insulation substrate, for example, a sapphire substrate or a silicon substrate, but is not limited thereto. The substrate 61 having the first and second bumps 65 a, 65 b may be attached to a first electrode pad 39 a and a second electrode pad 39 b. In this case, to prevent the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b from being exposed to the outside, an insulation layer 49 may cover side surfaces and bottom surfaces of the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b. Further, the insulation layer 49 may have openings, which expose the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b, and additional metal layers 67 a, 67 b are then formed in the openings. The additional metal layers 67 a, 67 b may be composed of a bonding metal.

FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a light emitting diode module including the LED package 100 according to the first exemplary embodiment.

Referring to FIG. 3, the LED module includes a circuit board 71, for example, an MC-PCB, the LED package 100, and a lens 81. The circuit board 71, for example, the MC-PCB, has connection pads 73 a, 73 b for mounting the LED packages 100 thereon. The first and second bumps 45 a, 45 b (see FIG. 1) of the LED package 100 are connected to the connection pads 73 a, 73 b, respectively.

A plurality of LED packages 100 may be mounted on the circuit board 71 and the lens 81 may be disposed on the LED packages 100 to adjust an orientation angle of light emitted from the LED packages 100.

In accordance with the second exemplary embodiment, the light emitting diode packages 200 may be mounted on the circuit board instead of the LED packages 100.

FIG. 4 to FIG. 12 show a method of fabricating the LED package 100 according to the first exemplary embodiment. In FIG. 5 to FIG. 10, (a) is a plan view and (b) is a sectional view taken along line A-A of (a).

Referring to FIG. 4, a semiconductor stack 30, which includes a first conductive type semiconductor layer 25, an active layer 27 and a second conductive type semiconductor layer 29, is formed on a growth substrate 21. The growth substrate 21 may be a sapphire substrate but is not limited thereto. Alternatively, the growth substrate 21 may be another kind of heterogeneous substrate, for example, a silicon substrate. Each of the first and second conductive type semiconductor layers 25, 29 may be composed of a single layer or multiple layers. Further, the active layer 27 may have a single-quantum well structure or multi-quantum well structure.

The compound semiconductor layers may be formed of III-N based compound semiconductor on the growth substrate 21 by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).

A buffer layer (not shown) may be formed before forming the compound semiconductor layers. The buffer layer is formed to relieve lattice mismatch between the growth substrate 21 and the compound semiconductor layers and may be formed of a GaN-based material layer such as gallium nitride or aluminum nitride.

Referring to (a) and (b) of FIG. 5, the semiconductor stack 30 is patterned to form a chip (package) separation region 30 b while patterning the second conductive type semiconductor layer 29 and the active layer 27 to form a plurality of contact holes 30 a exposing the first conductive type semiconductor layer 25. The semiconductor stack 30 may be patterned by photolithography and etching processes.

The chip separation region 30 b is a region for dividing the LED package structure into individual LED packages and side surfaces of the first conductive type semiconductor layer 25, the active layer 27 and the second conductive type semiconductor layer 29 are exposed on the chip separation region 30 b. Advantageously, the chip separation region 30 b may be configured to expose the substrate 21 without being limited thereto.

The plurality of contact holes 30 a may have a circular shape, but is not limited thereto. The contact holes 30 may have a variety of shapes. The second conductive type semiconductor layer 29 and the active layer 27 are exposed to sidewalls of the plurality of contact holes 30 a. As shown, the contact holes 30 a may have slanted sidewalls.

Referring to (a) and (b) of FIG. 6, a second contact layer 31 is formed on the second conductive type semiconductor layer 29. The second contact layer 31 is formed on the semiconductor stack 30 except for regions corresponding to the plurality of contact holes 30 a.

The second contact layer 31 may include a transparent conductive oxide film such as indium tin oxide (ITO) or a reflective metal layer such as silver (Ag) or aluminum (Al). The second contact layer 31 may be composed of a single layer or multiple layers. The second contact layer 31 may also be configured to form an ohmic contact with the second conductive type semiconductor layer 29.

The second contact layer 31 may be formed before or after formation of the plurality of contact holes 30 a.

Referring to (a) and (b) of FIG. 7, a first insulation layer 33 is formed to cover the second contact layer 31. The first insulation layer 33 may cover the side surface of the semiconductor stack 30 exposed to the chip separation region 30 b while covering the sidewalls of the plurality of contact holes 30 a. Here, the first insulation layer 33 may have openings 33 a, which expose the first conductive type semiconductor layer 25 in the plurality of contact holes 30 a.

The first insulation layer 33 may be composed of a single layer or multiple layers, such as a silicon oxide or silicon nitride film. Alternatively, the first insulation layer 33 may be composed of a distributed Bragg reflector, which is formed by alternately stacking insulation layers having different indices of refraction. For example, the first insulation layer 33 may be formed by alternately stacking SiO₂/TiO₂ or SiO₂/Nb₂O₅. Further, the first insulation layer 33 may be formed to provide a distributed Bragg reflector having high reflectivity over a wide wavelength range of blue, green, and red light by adjusting the thickness of each of the insulation layers.

Referring to (a) and (b) of FIG. 8, a first contact layer 35 is formed on the first insulation layer 33. The first contact layer 35 includes contact sections 35 a contacting the first conductive type upper semiconductor layer 25 exposed in the contact holes 30 a, and a connecting section 35 b connecting the contact sections 35 a to each other. The first contact layer 35 may be composed of a reflective metal layer, but is not limited thereto.

The first contact layer 35 is formed on some regions of the semiconductor stack 30, so that the first insulation layer 33 is exposed on other regions of the semiconductor stack 30 where the first contact layer 35 is not formed.

Referring to (a) and (b) of FIG. 9, a second insulation layer 37 is formed on the first contact layer 35. The second insulation layer 37 may be composed of a single layer or multiple layers, such as a silicon oxide or silicon nitride film. Further, the second insulation layer 37 may be composed of a distributed Bragg reflector, which is formed by alternately stacking insulation layers having different indices of refraction.

The second insulation layer 37 may cover the first contact layer 35 while covering the first insulation layer 33. The second insulation layer 37 may also cover the side surface of the semiconductor stack 30 in the chip separation region 30 b.

The second insulation layer 37 has an opening 37 a which exposes the first contact layer 35. Further, the second insulation layer 37 and the first insulation layer 33 are formed with an opening 37 b, which exposes the second contact layer 31.

Referring to (a) and (b) of FIG. 10, first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b are formed on the second insulation layer 37. The first electrode pad 39 a is connected to the first contact layer 35 through the opening 37 a and the second electrode pad 39 b is connected to the second contact layer 31 through the opening 37 b.

The first electrode pad 39 a is separated from the second electrode pad 39 b and each of the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b may have a relatively large area from a top perspective, for example, an area not less than ⅓ of the area of the LED package.

Referring to FIG. 11, an insulation layer 43 is formed on the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b. The insulation layer 43 covers the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b and has grooves which expose upper surfaces of the electrode pads 39 a, 39 b. Further, the insulation layer 43 may have a groove which exposes the second insulation layer 37 between the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b.

Then, first and second bump 45 a, 45 b are formed in the grooves of the insulation layer 43, and a dummy bump 45 c may be formed between the first bump and the second bump.

The bumps may be formed by plating, for example, electroplating, using a metallic material. If necessary, a seed layer for plating may also be formed.

After the first and second bumps 45 a, 45 b are formed, the insulation layer 43 may be removed. For example, the insulation layer 43 may be formed of a polymer such as photoresist and may be removed after the bumps are formed. Alternatively, the insulation layer 43 may remain to protect the side surfaces of the first and second bumps 45 a, 45 b.

In the present exemplary embodiment, the insulation layer 43 is illustrated as being directly formed on the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b. In other exemplary embodiments, another insulation layer may be formed to cover the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b. The other insulation layer may be configured to have openings exposing the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b. Then, the processes of forming the insulation layer 43 and the bumps may be carried out.

Referring to FIG. 12, the growth substrate 21 is removed and a wavelength convertor 51 is attached to the first conductive type semiconductor layer 25. The growth substrate 21 may be removed by an optical technique such as laser lift-off (LLO), mechanical polishing or chemical etching.

Then, the exposed surface of the first conductive type semiconductor layer 25 is subjected to anisotropic etching such as photoelectrochemical (PEC) etching to form a roughened surface on the exposed first conductive type semiconductor layer 25.

Meanwhile, the wavelength convertor such as a phosphor sheet containing phosphors may be attached to the first conductive type semiconductor layer 25.

Alternatively, the growth substrate 21 may contain an impurity for converting a wavelength of light generated in the active layer 27. In this case, the growth substrate 21 may be used as the wavelength convertor 51.

Then, the LED package structure is divided into individual packages along the chip separation region 30 b, thereby providing finished LED packages 100. At this time, the second insulation layer 37 is cut together with the wavelength convertor 51 so that cut planes thereof can be formed in a line.

FIG. 13 is a sectional view showing a method of fabricating the LED package 200 according to the second exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 13, in the method of fabricating the LED package 200 according to the present exemplary embodiment, the processes until the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b are formed are the same as those of the method of fabricating the LED package 100 described above (FIGS. 10 (a) and (b)).

After the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b are formed, an insulation layer 49 is formed to cover the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b. The insulation layer 49 may cover side surfaces of the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b to protect the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b. The insulation layer 49 has openings which expose the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b. Additional metal layers 67 a, 67 b are then formed in the openings. The additional metal layers 67 a, 67 b may be composed of a bonding metal.

The substrate 61 is bonded to the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b. The substrate 61 may have through-holes, in which the first and second bumps 65 a, 65 b may be formed. Further, the first and second bumps may be formed at distal ends thereof with pads 69 a, 69 b. The substrate 61 having the first and second bumps 65 a, 65 b and the pads 69 a, 69 b may be separately prepared and bonded to a wafer having the first and second electrode pads 39 a, 39 b.

Then, as described with reference to FIG. 12, the growth substrate 21 is removed and a wavelength convertor 51 may be attached to the first conductive type semiconductor layer 25, followed by division of the LED package structure into individual LED packages. As a result, the finished LED packages 200 as described in FIG. 2 are provided.

FIG. 14 is a sectional view of an LED package 300 according to a third exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 14, the LED package 300 may include a semiconductor stack 130, which is divided into a plurality of light emitting cells (only two light emitting cells S1, S2 are shown herein), a first contact layer 135, a second contact layer 131, a first insulation layer 133, a second insulation layer 137, a first electrode pad 139 a, a second electrode pad 139 b, a connector 139 c connecting adjacent light emitting cells to each other in series, a first bump 145 a and a second bump 145 b. Further, the LED package 300 may include a third insulation layer 141, an insulation layer 143, a dummy bump 145 c, a wavelength convertor 151, and additional metal layers 140 a, 140 b.

The semiconductor stack 130 includes a first conductive type upper semiconductor layer 125, an active layer 127, and a second conductive type lower semiconductor layer 129. The semiconductor stack 130 of the present exemplary embodiment is similar to the semiconductor stack 30 described in FIG. 1, and a detailed description thereof will be omitted herein.

Each of the light emitting cells S1, S2 has a plurality of contact holes 130 a (see FIG. 18(b)) extending through the second conductive type lower semiconductor layer 129 and the active layer 127 to expose the first conductive type upper semiconductor layer, and the first contact layer 135 contacts the first conductive type upper semiconductor layer 125 exposed in the plurality of contact holes. The light emitting cells S1, S2 are separated from each other by a cell separation region 130 b (see FIG. 18(b)).

The second contact layer 131 contacts the second conductive type lower semiconductor layer 129 of each of the light emitting cells S1, S2. The second contact layer 131 includes a reflective metal layer to reflect light generated in the active layer 127. Further, the second contact layer 131 may form an ohmic contact with the second conductive type lower semiconductor layer 129.

The first insulation layer 133 covers the second contact layer 131. Further, the first insulation layer 133 covers a sidewall of the semiconductor stack 130 exposed in the plurality of contact holes 130 a. In addition, the first insulation layer 133 may cover a side surface of each of the light emitting cells S1, S2. The first insulation layer 133 insulates the first contact layer 135 from the second contact layer 131 while insulating the second conductive type lower semiconductor layer 129 and the active layer 127 exposed in the plurality of contact holes 130 a from the first contact layer 35. The first insulation layer 133 may be composed of a single layer or multiple layers, such as a silicon oxide or silicon nitride film. Furthermore, the first insulation layer 133 may be composed of a distributed Bragg reflector, which is formed by alternately stacking insulation layers having different indices of refraction, for example, SiO₂/TiO₂ or SiO₂/Nb₂O₅.

The first contact layer 135 is located under the first insulation layer 133 and contacts the first conductive type upper semiconductor layer 125 through the first insulation layer 133 in the plurality of contact holes 130 a in each of the light emitting cells S1, S2. The first contact layer 135 includes contact sections 135 a contacting the first conductive type upper semiconductor layer 125, and a connecting section 135 b connecting the contact sections 135 a to each other. Therefore, the contact sections 135 a are electrically connected to each other by the connecting section 135 b. The first contact layers 135 located under the respective light emitting cells S1, S2 are separated from each other and formed under some regions of the first insulation layer 133. The first contact layer 135 may be composed of a reflective metal layer.

The second insulation layer 137 covers the first contact layer 135 under the first contact layer 135. In addition, the second insulation layer 137 may cover the first insulation layer 133 while covering the side surface of each of the light emitting cells S1, S2. The second insulation layer 137 may be composed of a single layer or multiple layers. Alternatively, the second insulation layer 37 may be composed of a distributed Bragg reflector.

The first electrode pad 139 a and the second electrode pad 139 b are located under the second insulation layer 137. The first electrode pad 139 a may be connected to the first contact layer 135 of a first light emitting cell S1 through the second insulation layer 137. Further, the second electrode pad 139 b may be connected to the second contact layer 31 of a second light emitting cell S2 through the second insulation layer 137 and the first insulation layer 133.

The connector 139 c is located under the second insulation layer 137 and electrically connects two adjacent light emitting cells S1, S2 to each other through the second insulation layer 137. The connector 139 c may connect the second contact layer 131 of one light emitting cell S1 to the first contact layer 135 of another light emitting cell S2 adjacent thereto, so that the two light emitting cells S1, S2 are connected in series to each other.

In the present exemplary embodiment, two light emitting cells S1, S2 are illustrated. However, it should be understood that two or more light emitting cells may be connected in series to each other by a plurality of connectors 139 c. Here, the first and second electrode pads 139 a, 139 b may be connected in series to the light emitting cells S1, S2 located at opposite ends of such series array.

Meanwhile, the third insulation layer 141 may cover the first electrode pad 139 a, the second electrode pad 139 b and the connector 139 c under the first electrode pad 139 a, the second electrode pad 139 b and the connector 139 c. The third insulation layer 141 may have an opening exposing the first electrode pad 139 a and the second electrode pad 139 b. The third insulation layer 141 may be formed of a silicon oxide or silicon nitride film.

The first bump 145 a and the second bump 145 b are located under the first and second electrode pads 139 a, 139 b, respectively. The first and second bumps 145 a, 145 b may be formed by plating. The first and second bumps 145 a, 145 b are terminals electrically connected to a circuit board such as an MC-PCB and have distal ends coplanar with each other. In addition, the first electrode pad 139 a may be formed at the same level as that of the second electrode pad 139 b, so that the first bump 45 a and the second bump 45 b may also be formed on the same plane. Therefore, the first and second bumps 45 a, 45 b may have the same height.

The additional metal layers 140 a, 140 b may be interposed between the first bump 145 a and the first electrode pad 139 a and between the second bump 145 b and the second electrode pad 139 b. Here, the additional metal layers 140 a, 140 b are provided to form the first and second electrode pads 139 a, 139 b to be higher than the connector 139 c and may be located inside openings of the third insulation layer 141. The first and second electrode pads 139 a, 139 b and the additional metal layers 140 a, 140 b may constitute final electrode pads.

Meanwhile, the dummy bump 145 c may be located between the first bump 145 a and the second bump 145 b. The dummy bump 145 c may be formed together with the first and second bump 145 a, 145 b to provide a heat passage for discharging heat from the light emitting cells S1, S2. The dummy bump 145 c is separated from the connector 139 c by the third insulation layer 141.

The insulation layer 143 may cover side surfaces of the first and second bumps 145 a, 145 b. The insulation layer 143 may also cover a side surface of the dummy bump 145 c. In addition, the insulation layer 143 fills spaces between the first bump 145 a, the second bump 145 b and the dummy bump 145 c to prevent moisture from entering the semiconductor stack 130 from outside. Although the insulation layer 143 may be configured to cover the overall side surfaces of the first and second bumps 145 a, 145 b, the invention is not limited thereto. Alternatively, the insulation layer 143 may cover the side surfaces of the first and second bumps 145 a, 145 b except for some regions of the side surface near distal ends of the first and second bumps.

The wavelength convertor 151 may be located on the light emitting cells S1, S2. The wavelength convertor 151 may contact an upper surface of the first conductive type upper semiconductor layer 125. The wavelength convertor 151 also covers a cell separation region 130 b and a chip separation region. The wavelength convertor 151 may be a phosphor sheet having a uniform thickness without being limited thereto. Alternatively, the wavelength converter 51 may be a substrate, for example, a sapphire substrate or a silicon substrate, which is doped with an impurity for wavelength conversion.

In the present embodiment, the side surfaces of the light emitting cells S1, S2 are covered with a protective insulation layer. The protective insulation layer may include, for example, the first insulation layer 133 and/or the second insulation layer 137. In addition, the first contact layer 135 may be covered with the second insulation layer 137 to be protected from external environment and the second contact layer 131 may be covered with the first insulation layer 133 and the second insulation layer 137 to be protected from external environment. Further, the first and second electrode pads 139 a, 139 b are also protected by, for example, the third insulation layer 141. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent deterioration of the light emitting cells S1, S2 due to moisture.

The wavelength convertor 151 may be attached to the first conductive type upper semiconductor layer 125 at a wafer-level, and then divided together with the protective insulation layer during a chip separation process (or package separation process). Therefore, a side surface of the wavelength convertor 151 may be in a line with the protective insulation layer. Further, the side surface of the wavelength convertor 151 may be in a line with a side surface of the insulation layer 143.

FIG. 15 is a schematic sectional view of a light emitting diode package 400 according to a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 15, the LED package 400 is similar to the LED package 300 according to the above exemplary embodiment. In present exemplary embodiment, however, first and second bumps 165 a, 165 b are formed in a substrate 161.

Specifically, the substrate 161 includes through-holes, which have the first and second bumps 165 a, 165 b formed therein, respectively. The substrate 161 is an insulation substrate, for example, a sapphire substrate or a silicon substrate, but is not limited thereto.

The substrate 161 having the first and second bumps 165 a, 165 b may be attached to a third insulation layer 141, and the first and second bumps 165 a, 165 b may be connected to first and second electrode pads 139 a, 139 b, respectively. Here, the first and second bumps 165 a, 165 b may be bonded to additional metal layers 140 a, 140 b, respectively.

FIG. 16 is a sectional view of a light emitting diode module including the LED packages 300 according to the third exemplary embodiment on a circuit board.

Referring to FIG. 16, the LED module includes a circuit board 171, for example, an MC-PCB, the LED package 300, and a lens 181. The circuit board 171, for example, the MC-PCB, has connection pads 173 a, 173 b for mounting the LED packages 300 thereon. The first and second bumps 145 a, 145 b (see FIG. 14) of the LED package 300 are connected to the connection pads 73 a, 73 b, respectively.

A plurality of LED packages 300 may be mounted on the circuit board 171 and the lens 181 may be disposed on the LED packages 300 to adjust an orientation angle of light emitted from the LED packages 300.

In other exemplary embodiments, instead of the LED packages 300, the light emitting diode packages 400 may be mounted on the circuit board.

FIG. 17 to FIG. 25 show a method of fabricating the LED package 300 according to the third exemplary embodiment. In FIG. 18 to FIG. 23, (a) is a plan view and (b) is a sectional view taken along line A-A of (a).

Referring to FIG. 17, a semiconductor stack 130, which includes a first conductive type semiconductor layer 125, an active layer 127 and a second conductive type semiconductor layer 129, is formed on a growth substrate 121. The growth substrate 121 and the semiconductor stack 130 are similar to the substrate 21 and the semiconductor stack 30 described with reference to FIG. 4, and a detailed description thereof will thus be omitted herein.

Referring to (a) and (b) of FIG. 18, the semiconductor stack 130 is patterned to form a chip (package) separation region 130 c and a cell separation region 130 b while patterning the second conductive type semiconductor layer 129 and the active layer 127 to form light emitting cells S1, S2, each having a plurality of contact holes 130 a exposing the first conductive type semiconductor layer 125. The semiconductor stack 130 may be patterned by photolithography and etching processes.

The chip separation region 130 c is a region for dividing the LED package structure into individual LED packages and side surfaces of the first conductive type semiconductor layer 125, the active layer 127 and the second conductive type semiconductor layer 129 are exposed at the chip separation region 130 c. Advantageously, the chip separation region 130 c and the cell separation region 130 b may be configured to expose the substrate 121 without being limited thereto.

The plurality of contact holes 130 a may have a circular shape, but is not limited thereto. The contact holes 130 may have a variety of shapes. The second conductive type semiconductor layer 129 and the active layer 127 are exposed to sidewalls of the plurality of contact holes 130 a. The contact holes 130 a may have slanted sidewalls.

Referring to (a) and (b) of FIG. 19, a second contact layer 131 is formed on the second conductive type semiconductor layer 129. The second contact layer 131 is formed on the semiconductor stack 130 in each of the light emitting cells S1, S2 except for regions corresponding to the plurality of contact holes 130 a.

The second contact layer 131 may include a transparent conductive oxide film such as indium tin oxide (ITO) or a reflective metal layer such as silver (Ag) or aluminum (Al). The second contact layer 131 may be composed of a single layer or multiple layers. The second contact layer 131 may also be configured to form an ohmic contact with the second conductive type semiconductor layer 129.

The second contact layer 131 may be formed before or after the formation of the plurality of contact holes 130 a

Referring to (a) and (b) of FIG. 20, a first insulation layer 133 is formed to cover the second contact layer 131. The first insulation layer 133 may cover the side surface of each of the light emitting cells S1, S2 while covering the sidewalls of the plurality of contact holes 130 a. Here, the first insulation layer 133 may have openings 133 a, which expose the first conductive type semiconductor layer 125 in the plurality of contact holes 130 a.

The first insulation layer 133 may be composed of a single layer or multiple layers, such as a silicon oxide or silicon nitride film. In addition, the first insulation layer 133 may be composed of a distributed Bragg reflector, which is formed by alternately stacking insulation layers having different indices of refraction. For example, the first insulation layer 133 may be formed by alternately stacking SiO₂/TiO₂ or SiO₂/Nb₂O₅. Further, the first insulation layer 133 may be formed to provide a distributed Bragg reflector having high reflectivity over a wide wavelength range of blue, green, and red light by adjusting the thickness of each of the insulation layers.

Referring to (a) and (b) of FIG. 21, a first contact layer 135 is formed on the first insulation layer 133. The first contact layer 135 is formed on each of the light emitting cells S1, S2, and includes contact sections 35 a contacting the first conductive type upper semiconductor layer 125 exposed in the contact holes 130 a and a connecting section 135 b connecting the contact sections 135 a to each other. The first contact layer 135 may be composed of a reflective metal layer, but is not limited thereto.

The first contact layer 135 is formed on some regions of each of the light emitting cells S1, S2, so that the first insulation layer 133 is exposed at other regions of the semiconductor stack 130 where the first contact layer 135 is not formed.

Referring to (a) and (b) of FIG. 22, a second insulation layer 137 is formed on the first contact layer 135. The second insulation layer 137 may be composed of a single layer or multiple layers, such as a silicon oxide or silicon nitride film. Alternatively, the second insulation layer 137 may be composed of a distributed Bragg reflector, which is formed by alternately stacking insulation layers having different indices of refraction.

The second insulation layer 137 may cover the first contact layer 135 while covering the first insulation layer 133. The second insulation layer 137 may also cover the side surface of the each of the light emitting cells S1, S2. In addition, the second insulation layer 137 may fill in the chip separation region 130 c and the cell separation region 130 b.

The second insulation layer 137 has an opening 137 a which exposes the first contact layer 135 of each of the light emitting cells S1, S2. Further, the second insulation layer 137 and the first insulation layer 133 are formed with an opening 137 b, which exposes the second contact layer 131.

Referring to (a) and (b) of FIG. 23, a connector 139 c and first and second electrode pads 139 a, 139 b are formed on the second insulation layer 137. The first electrode pad 139 a is connected to the first contact layer 135 of a first light emitting cell S1 through the opening 137 a and the second electrode pad 139 b is connected to the second contact layer 131 of a second light emitting cell S2 through the opening 137 b. Further, the connector 139 c connects the first contact layer 135 and the second contact layer 131 of adjacent light emitting cells S1, S2 to each other in series through the openings 137 a, 137 b.

Referring to FIG. 24, a third insulation layer 141 is formed on the first and second electrode pads 139 a, 139 b and the connector 139 c. The third insulation layer 141 covers the first and second electrode pads 139 a, 139 b and the connector 139 c, and has grooves which expose upper surfaces of the electrode pads 139 a, 139 b. Meanwhile, the third insulation layer 141 may have additional metal layers 140 a, 140 b formed in the grooves thereof. The additional metal layers 140 a, 140 b increase the height of the electrode pads 139 a, 139 b, such that final electrode pads may have a greater height than the connector 139 c. The additional metal layers 140 a, 140 b may be formed before the formation of the third insulation layer 141. Upper surfaces of the additional metal layers 140 a, 140 b may be substantially coplanar with an upper surface of the third insulation layer 141.

Referring to FIG. 25, a patterned insulation layer 143 is formed on the third insulation layer 141. The patterned insulation layer 143 has grooves, which expose the upper side of the first and second electrode pads 139 a, 139 b, for example, the additional metal layers 140 a, 140 b. Further, the patterned insulation layer 143 may have a groove exposing the third insulation layer 141 between the first electrode pad 139 a and the second electrode pad 139 b.

Then, first and second bumps 145 a, 145 b are formed in the grooves of the insulation layer 143 and a dummy bump 145 c may be formed between the first and second bumps.

The bumps may be formed by plating, for example, electroplating. As needed, a seed layer for plating may also be formed.

After the first and second bumps 145 a, 145 b are formed, the insulation layer 143 may be removed. For example, the insulation layer 143 may be formed of a polymer such as photoresist and may be removed after the bumps are formed. Alternatively, the insulation layer 143 may remain to protect the side surfaces of the first and second bumps 145 a, 145 b.

Referring to FIG. 26, the growth substrate 121 is removed and a wavelength convertor 151 is attached to the light emitting cells S1, S2. The growth substrate 21 may be removed by an optical technique such as laser lift-off (LLO), mechanical polishing or chemical etching.

Then, the exposed surface of the first conductive type semiconductor layer 125 is subjected to anisotropic etching such as PEC etching to form a roughened surface on the exposed first conductive type semiconductor layer 125.

Meanwhile, the wavelength convertor 151, such as a phosphor sheet containing phosphors, may be attached to the first conductive type semiconductor layer 125

Alternatively, the growth substrate 121 may contain an impurity for converting a wavelength of light generated in the active layer 127. In this case, the growth substrate 121 may be used as the wavelength convertor 151.

Then, the LED package structure is divided into individual packages along the chip separation region 130 c, thereby providing finished LED packages 300. At this time, the second insulation layer 137 is cut together with the wavelength convertor 151 so that cut planes thereof can be formed in a line.

FIG. 27 is a sectional view explaining a method of fabricating the LED package 400 according to the fourth exemplary embodiment of the invention.

Referring to FIG. 27, in the method of fabricating the LED package 400 according to this embodiment, the processes until the third insulation layer 141 and the additional metal layers 140 a, 1140 b are formed are the same as those of the method of fabricating the LED package 300 described above (FIG. 24).

In the present exemplary embodiment, the substrate 161 is bonded to the third insulation layer 141. The substrate 161 may have through-holes, in which the first and second bumps 165 a, 165 b may be formed. Further, the first and second bumps 165 a, 165 b may be formed at distal ends thereof with pads (not shown). In addition, the substrate 161 may have grooves partially formed on a lower surface thereof and filled with a metallic material 165 c. The metallic material 165 c improves substrate heat dissipation.

Alternatively, the substrate 161 having the first and second bumps 165 a, 165 b may be separately prepared and bonded to a wafer having the first and second electrode pads 139 a, 139 b. The first and second bumps 165 a, 165 b may be electrically connected to first and second electrode pads 139 a, 139 b, respectively.

Then, as described with reference to FIG. 26, the growth substrate 121 is removed and the wavelength convertor 151 may be attached to the light emitting cells S1, S2, followed by division of the LED package structure into individual LED packages. As a result, the finished LED packages 400 as described in FIG. 15 are provided.

As such, the exemplary embodiments of the invention provide wafer-level LED packages which can be directly formed on a circuit board for a module without using a conventional lead frame or printed circuit board. Accordingly, the LED package may have high efficiency and exhibit improved heat dissipation while reducing time and cost for fabrication of the LED package. In addition, an LED module having the LED package mounted thereon may have high efficiency and exhibit improved heat dissipation.

Further, the LED package may include a plurality of light emitting cells connected in series to each other and arrays connected in reverse parallel to each other. Further, the plurality of light emitting cells may be connected to a bridge rectifier and may be used to form a bridge rectifier. Therefore, the LED module including the LED package may be operated by AC power without a separate AC/DC converter.

Although the invention has been illustrated with reference to some exemplary embodiments in conjunction with the drawings, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and changes can be made to the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Further, it should be understood that some features of a certain embodiment may also be applied to other embodiment without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, it should be understood that the embodiments are provided by way of illustration only and are given to provide complete disclosure of the invention and to provide thorough understanding of the invention to those skilled in the art. Thus, it is intended that the invention covers the modifications and variations provided they fall within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. 

1-51. (canceled)
 52. A light emitting diode (LED) package comprising: a semiconductor stack including a first conductive type semiconductor layer, a second conductive type semiconductor layer and an active layer interposed between the first and second semiconductor layers, wherein the semiconductor stack includes an external sidewall on the semiconductor stack formed along the first conductive type semiconductor layer, the active layer and the second conductive type semiconductor layer; a first electrical contact disposed to contact with the first conductive type semiconductor layer and to provide a first electrical contact path to the semiconductor stack; and a second electrical contact disposed to contact with the second conductive type semiconductor layer and to provide a second electrical contact path to the semiconductor stack an inner insulation layer formed over sides of the semiconductor stack to cover the external sidewall of the semiconductor stack to protect the semiconductor stack from an external environment; and an outer insulation layer formed over the sides of the semiconductor stack to cover a side surface of the inner insulation layer to provide additional protection of the semiconductor stack from the external environment.
 53. The LED package of claim 52, wherein the inner insulation layer includes a single layer which includes silicon oxide or silicon nitride.
 54. The LED package of claim 52, wherein the inner insulation layer includes an optically reflective structure.
 55. The LED package of claim 52, wherein the inner insulation layer includes a distributed Bragg reflector.
 56. The LED package of claim 52, wherein the inner insulation layer includes layers of silicon oxide or silicon nitride.
 57. The LED package of claim 52, wherein the inner insulation layer includes a silicon oxide layer and a distributed Bragg reflector.
 58. The LED package of claim 52, wherein the inner insulation layer extends to cover the second electrical contact to protect the second electrical contact from an external environment.
 59. The LED package of claim 52, wherein the outer insulation layer includes a single layer including silicon dioxide or silicon nitride.
 60. The LED package of claim 52, wherein the outer insulation layer includes multiple layers.
 61. The LED package of claim 52, wherein the outer insulation layer includes an optically reflective structure.
 62. The LED package of claim 52, wherein the outer insulation layer includes a distributed Bragg reflector.
 63. The LED package of claim 52, wherein the outer insulation layer extends to cover the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact to protect the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact from the external environment.
 64. The LED package of claim 63, wherein the outer insulation layer includes one or more phosphor materials each converting light emitted by the active layer into light at a different wavelength.
 65. The LED package of claim 64, wherein the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact are arranged on a first surface on a first side of the semiconductor stack and the outer insulation layer includes a portion that is on a second side of the semiconductor stack that is opposite to the first side and the portion extends to cover a second surface of the semiconductor stack opposite to the first surface.
 66. The LED package of claim 52, further comprising: a first bump electrically coupled to the first conductive type semiconductor layer by the first electrical contact; a second bump electrically coupled to the second conductive type semiconductor layer by the second electrical contact; and an additional insulation layer formed over the inner insulation layer and the outer insulation layer to cover side surfaces of the first and second bumps to protect the first and second bumps from an external environment.
 67. The LED package of claim 66, wherein the additional insulation layer includes a polymer.
 68. The LED package of claim 52, wherein the second conductive type semiconductor layer has a thickness smaller than that of the first conductive type semiconductor layer.
 69. The LED package of claim 52, wherein the first conductive type semiconductor layer includes a roughened surface.
 70. A light emitting diode (LED) package comprising: a semiconductor stack including a first conductive type semiconductor layer having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, an active layer formed on the first surface of the first conductive type semiconductor layer, and a second conductive type semiconductor layer formed on the active layer; a first insulation layer formed to cover a side surface of the semiconductor stack; a second insulation layer formed to cover a side surface of the first insulation layer and to cover the side surface of the semiconductor stack; and a third insulation layer formed to cover a side surface of the second insulation layer and to cover the side surface of the semiconductor stack, a first electrical contact path disposed closer to the first surface of the first conductive type semiconductor layer than the second surface of the first conductive type semiconductor layer and electrically coupled to the first conductive type semiconductor layer; and a second electrical contact path disposed closer to the first surface of the first conductive type semiconductor layer than the second surface of the first conductive type semiconductor layer and electrically coupled to the second conductive type semiconductor layer.
 71. The LED package of claim 70, wherein each of the first insulation layer and the second insulation layer includes a transparent insulation layer.
 72. The LED package of claim 71, further comprising an optically reflective structure between the first and second insulation layers.
 73. The LED package of claim 70, wherein the first insulation layer includes a transparent insulation layer and the second insulation layer includes an optically reflective structure.
 74. The LED package of claim 73, wherein the optically reflective structure includes a distributed Bragg reflector.
 75. The LED package of claim 70, wherein the optically reflective structure includes a distributed Bragg reflector reflecting light at a wavelength corresponding to blue light, green light, or red light.
 76. The LED package of claim 70, wherein the third insulation layer extends to cover the first electrical contact path and the second electrical contact path to protect the first electrical contact path and the second electrical contact path from the external environment.
 77. The LED package of claim 70, wherein the third insulation layer includes one or more phosphor materials each converting light emitted from the active layer into light at a different wavelength.
 78. The LED package of claim 70, wherein the third insulation layer is free of a phosphor material.
 79. The LED package of claim 78, further comprising an additional insulation layer formed to cover a side surface of the third insulation layer and to cover the side surface of the semiconductor stack.
 80. The LED package of claim 79, wherein the additional insulation layer includes one or more phosphor materials each converting light emitted from the active layer into light at a different wavelength.
 81. The LED package of claim 70, further including a wavelength convertor arranged on the second surface of the first conductive type semiconductor layer and including one or more phosphor materials each converting light emitted from the active layer into light at a different wavelength.
 82. The LED package of claim 70, wherein the second conductive type semiconductor layer has a thickness smaller than that of the first conductive type semiconductor layer.
 83. The LED package of claim 70, wherein the first surface of the first conductive type semiconductor layer has a roughness. 